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DENPASAR, BALI, January 21, 2014 (Jakarta Post): An academic from Dwijendra University in Denpasar, Dr. Gede Sedana, said that farmers grouped in subak (traditional farming and irrigation communities) conducted 15 different kinds of ritual for one rice cultivation period. “Dozens of times these rituals are carried out by farmers in a specific order according to the phase of the rice cultivation, either individually or in a group,” said the rector of Dwijendra University’s School of agriculture in Denpasar on Monday.

He said that the subak system continued to exist and develop even today and had become unique due to its spiritual element, which was significant in the management of agricultural irrigation. The rituals, or religious ceremonies, occurred dozens of times on the sidelines while the crops were growing, and were a strongly binding factor in subak irrigation management on the island.

“The strong belief in God is a part of the Tri Hita Karana philosophy, in which a harmonious relationship is maintained between humans and humans, humans and the environment and humans and God,” said Sedana.

See Hinduism Today’s 1989 article on Bali’s water temples: https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=623